Interpersonal Violence

The toolkit for interpersonal violence is available here: http://www.newhealth.govt.nz/toolkits/violence.htm

Here are links to resources on interpersonal violence:

• New Zealand
• Maori and Pacific
• International
• NZ Links and other resources
  

New Zealand

• Violence against women - WHW December 2006
• White ribbon day - WHU November 2006
• New resources from the FPA on relationship abuse - WHU January 2006
• New Family Violence Clearing House Website - WHU November 2005
• Women's Studies Association Conference, Auckland, November 25-27.
  For more information see link here.
• Bray, C.//Cordes, P.//Cuttance, J. (1997). (Conference Workshop). Experiences of Learning and Educating about violence against women. Women's Studies Association, February, Massey University, Palmerston North.
• Bray, C. (1998). "Gendered Violence in Canada and Aotearoa/New Zealand: A Comparative Analysis of Herizons and Broadsheet magazines 1994-1996". June 27, New Zealand Women's Studies Association Conference, Palmerston North.
• Bray, C. (1999). Gendered violence in Canada and Aotearoa/New Zealand: A comparative analysis of Herizons and Broadsheet magazines, 1993-1996. Women's Studies Association (NZ) Conference papers, (pp._42-45), June 26-28, Massey Unviersity, Palmerston North, NZ. Auckland, NZ: Women's Studies Association (NZ).
• Wilson, D. L. (2000). Care and advocacy: Moral cornerstones or moral blindness when working with women experiencing partner abuse?. Journal of Nursing Law, 7 (2), 43-51.
• Gregory, J. E. (2001). Domestic violence report. Linton Military Camp Commander and Advisors, August 16, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
• Fanslow, J. L.//Wilson, D. L.//Keelan-Ponini, T.//Powell, E.//Peteru, C. (2002). Family violence intervention guidelines: Child and partner abuse. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health.
• Wilson, D. L. (2002). Nurses and family violence. New Zealand Nursing Review, 3 (7), 18.
• Wilson, D. L. (2002). Family Violence Project: (a) Professional Advisory Committee, (b) Maori Advisory Committee: Family violence intervention guidelines. Ministry of Health, November.
• Loughlin, S.1, Spinola, C.1, Stewart, L.1, Fanslow, J.2, and Norton, R. 1 ‘Emergency department staff responses to a protocol of care for abused women’. Health Education and Behavior 27, 572-590, 2000.
• Loughlin, S.3, Spinola, C.3, Stewart, L.3, Fanslow, J., Norton, R.3 ‘Emergency department staff responses to a protocol of care for abused women’. Health Education and Behaviour 27(5), 572-590, 2000.
• Fanslow, J., McGregor, K., Coggan, C., Bennett, S., Mckenzie, D. (2000) ‘Research into programmes to prevent intentional injury and violence to children’. Centre Report Series No. 52. Auckland, NZ: Injury Prevention Research Centre, 2000.
• McGregor, K. ‘Abuse-focused therapy of survivors of child sexual abuse: A review of the literature’. Centre Report Series No. 51. Auckland, NZ: Injury Prevention Research Centre, 2000.
• Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Woodward LJ. The stability of child abuse reports: A longitudinal study of young adults. Psychological Medicine, 2000; 30: 529-544.
• IPRC No: FS04 Title: Partner abuse of women. Authors: Topics: Emergency Department Protocols of Care, Family Violence, Date: 1995
• Preventing Violence Against Women: The ED Response http://www2.auckland.ac.nz/ipc/pdf/fs03.pdf
• Fanslow JL, Norton RN. Violence against women: Priorities for public health research in New Zealand. NZ Med J, 1994; 107: 63-64.
• Fanslow JL, Chalmers DJ, Langley JD. Injury from Assault: A Public Health Problem. Injury Prevention Research Unit, Occasional Paper. University of Otago, 1991.
• Howden-Chapman P. (Supervisor). Battered Women’s recent experiences of health professionals. Dept of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine. Student Research Project, 1994.
• Male partner violence against women. Prevalence and perpetrator. http://www2.auckland.ac.nz/ipc/pdf/fs27.pdf
• Free from abuse: What women say and what can be done
  Dr Jennifer Hands publication includes information on family violence statistics. This is a longitudinal interview study with women who have left abusive partners to identify the positive factors affecting their recovery. Recommendations are addressed to Government, NGOs, TLAs, communities and individuals. Link to Free from Abuse study at http://www.arphs.govt.nz/publications/Women_Health/Free_from_Abuse.asp
  

Maori and Pacific

• Whanaungatanga - hui - Christchurch, November 2006.
  See link here for more information.
• Violence against young Australian women and association with reproductive events: a cross-sectional analysis of a national population sample
  Angela J. Taft, Lyndsey F. Watson, Mother and Child Health Research (formerly Centre for the Study of Mothers' and Children's Health), La Trobe University, Victoria; Christina Lee
  School of Psychology and School of Population Health, University of Queensland, (Aust N Z J Public Health 2004; 28: 324-9)
  Abstract
  Objective: This study aimed to investigate associations between violence and younger women's reproductive events using Survey 1 (1996) data of the Younger cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALSWH).
  Methods: Multinomial regression, using composite variables for both violence and reproductive events, adjusting for socio-economic variables and weighted for rural and remote areas.
  Results: 23.8% of 14,784 women aged 18 to 23 years reported violence; 12.6% reported non-partner violence in the previous year; and 11.2% reported ever having had a violent relationship with a partner. Of the latter group, 43% (4.8% overall) also reported violence in the past year. Compared with women reporting no violence, women reporting partner but not recent violence (OR 2.55, 95% CI 2.10-3.09) or partner and recent violence (OR 3.96, 95% CI 3.18-4.93) were significantly more likely to have had one or more pregnancies. Conversely, having had a pregnancy (2,561) was associated with an 80% increase in prevalence of any violence and a 230% increase in partner violence. Among women who had a pregnancy, having had a miscarriage or termination was associated with violence. Partner and recent violence is strongly associated with having had a miscarriage, whether alone (OR = 2.85, 95% CI 1.74-4.66), with a termination (OR = 4.60, 2.26-9.35), or with birth, miscarriage and a termination (OR = 4.12, 1.89-9.00).
  Conclusions and implications: Violence among young women of childbearing age is a factor for which doctors should be vigilant, well-trained and supported to identify and manage effectively.
  Correspondence to: Dr Angela Taft, Centre for the Study of Mothers' and Children's Health, La Trobe University, 251 Faraday Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053. Fax: (03) 8341 8555; e-mail: a.taft@latrobe.edu.au
• History of domestic violence and health service use among mid-aged Australian women; Deborah Loxton, Research Centre for Gender and Health, University of Newcastle, and the School of Health, University of New England, New South Wales; Margot Schofield, School of Health, University of New England, New South Wales, and Research Centre for Gender and Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales; Rafat Hussain, School of Health, University of New England, New South Wales
  Abstract
  Objectives: To examine associations between history of domestic violence and health service use among mid-aged Australian women, adjusting for physical and psychological health status and demographic factors.
  Methods: Population-based cross-sectional postal survey (1996) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Of 28,000 women randomly selected, 14,100 (53.5%) aged 45-50 years participated. Logistic regressions were used to assess associations between domestic violence and health service use.
  Results: After adjusting for demographic variables, multivariate analysis revealed associations between ever having experienced domestic violence and three or more consultations in the previous 12 months with a family doctor (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.68-2.55), hospital doctor (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.44-2.17), or specialist doctor (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.35-1.75), or being hospitalised (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20-1.54). After adjusting for demographic variables and physical and psychological health status, these associations were attenuated: three or more consultations with family doctor (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.70), hospital doctor (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.92-1.45), or specialist doctor (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.98-1.32), and being hospitalised (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.96-1.26).
  Conclusions: Physical and psychological status accounted for the associations between domestic violence and higher health service use, with the exception of GP consultations, which remained associated with domestic violence.
  Implications: Physical health status only partially explains the increased health service use associated with domestic violence, while both physical and psychological health status explained higher usage of specialist and hospital services. It seems likely that women who have experienced domestic violence may be seeking consultations from GPs for reasons additional to health status.(Aust N Z J Public Health 2004; 28: 383-8)
  Correspondence to: Dr Deborah Loxton, Research Centre for Gender and Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308. Fax: (02) 4923 6888; e-mail: deborah.loxton@newcastle.edu.au
• Tongan Problem Gambling Research
  People from the Islands of Tonga have been migrating to Aotearoa/ New Zealand since the 1960s in search of a better life for themselves and their families. Some have unfortunately become problem gamblers. This research project grew out of the concern of public health workers and their networks and some Pacific community leaders that Tongans were experiencing the hazards of gambling. More and more stories linking gambling not only to financial loss but also to a range of health and social problems including family and partner abuse, neglect of children and elders and lack of supervision of young people were circulating in the close knit Pacific communities. See more:  http://www.arphs.govt.nz/Publications_Reports/pacific_health/TonganGambling.pdf
• Fergusson DM. Ethnicity and interpersonal violence in a New Zealand birth cohort. In Hawkins, Darnell F. (Ed). Violent Crimes: Assessing Race and Ethnic Differences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp 138-153.
• Wilson, D. L. (2002). Maori and family violence. November 11, Ministry of Health, Wellington, NZ.
• Wilson, D. L. (2002). Maori and family violence. November 21, New Zealand College of Midwives, Waitara, NZ
  

International

• Gender and Development Discussion Paper Series No. 15: Elimination of Violence against Women in Partnership with Men: Emerging Social Issues Division (ESID), UNESCAP, December 2003
  Country:
  Hard Copy Price: N/A
  In recent years, there has been a growing recognition that addressing the role of men is crucial is changing unequal power relations, working toward gender equality, and eliminating violence against women. In particular, involving men in movements to end violence against women, focusing on men’s roles and responsibilities, and on men as part of the solution to combat violence against women has gained increased attention in the last several years. The two papers in this publication and the inventory were prepared for presentations at the “Sub-regional Training Workshop on Elimination of Violence Against Women in Partnership with Men” in December 2003 in New Delhi Available online and in .pdf format: http://www.unescap.org/publications/detail.asp?id=876
• WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women
  Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses
  This report presents initial results based on interviews with 24 000 women by carefully trained interviewers. The study was implemented by WHO, in collaboration with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), PATH, USA, research institutions and women's organizations in the participating countries. This report covers 15 sites and 10 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Peru, Namibia, Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand and the United Republic of Tanzania.
  Report findings document the prevalence of intimate partner violence and its association with women's physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health. Data is included on non-partner violence, sexual abuse during childhood and forced first sexual experience. Information is also provided on women’s responses: Whom do women turn to and whom do they tell about the violence in their lives? Do they leave or fight back? Which services do they use and what response do they get?
  The report concludes with 15 recommendations to strengthen national commitment and action on violence against women.
  Data from the report show that violence against women is widespread and demands a public health response.
  Available online at: http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/
• Connecting Systems, Supporting Change: Transition Houses, Women Experiencing Partner Violence and Substance Use
  Nancy Poole, Lorraine Greaves, Natasha Jategaonkar, Lucy McCullough and Cathy Chabot, British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health
  Researchers report high rates of intimate partner violence among women who use substances.[1] However, few studies have investigated the use of alcohol and other substances by women who have left violent partners to reside in shelters/transition houses. However, for substance-using women experiencing intimate partner violence, entering a shelter can be a key life transition and an opportunity to confront many personal difficulties. For shelter staff, this situation offers an important opportunity to influence women’s problematic substance use and to assist them to manage any related stresses underlying their substance use. A recent study explored the relationship between the use of alcohol and other substances, the levels of reported stress in substance-using women who experience intimate partner violence and the impact of alcohol and substance use interventions made available in transition houses or shelters.[2]
  Available online at: http://www.cewh-cesf.ca/en/publications/RB/v5n1/page8.shtml
• Violence Against Women in Renter versus Owner-Occupied Housing: Is Homeownership a Panacea? Douglas A. Brownridge (University of Manitoba)
  Using a representative sample of 7,141 Canadian women living either in renter- or owner-occupied housing, this investigation assessed the extent of women's elevated risk for violence in rental housing relative to owner-occupied housing as well as potential explanations for this relationship. Canadian women living in rental housing were twice as likely as their counterparts in owner-occupied housing to experience violence. Explanations examined included family life course (age, marital status, duration of union), male control and domination (sexual jealousy, sexual possessiveness, patriarchal domination), socioeconomic indicators (woman's and partner's employment, woman's and partner's education), and control variables (place of origin, Aboriginal status, urban/rural residence, dwelling type).
  Download full text pdf file here: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/4266
• Chronic Illness Increases a Woman's Risk of Intimate Partner Violence
  Researchers from the Violence and Health Research Program at CRWH have recently completed a study that expands our knowledge of the connections between disability and intimate partner violence and gives us a clearer view of the effects of abuse on these women's lives.
  Researchers Marsha Cohen, Tonia Forte, Janice Du Mont, Ilene Hyman and Sarah Romans analysed data from the 1999 General Social Survey, a Canada-wide telephone survey conducted by Statistics Canada. For this survey, Statistics Canada used a new measure of disability, which had recently been developed by the World Health Organization. It focused on assessing "activity limitations." Because this system identifies people who have health concerns that limit their daily activities rather than on specific aliments, it includes a broader group of people living with chronic health concerns.
  See more at: http://www.crwh.org/programs/violenceanddisability.php
• World Conference on Family Violence October 23-27, 2005 Banff, Canada
  See finger on the pulse listing
• Network: Nonconsensual Sex, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2005
  This issue of Network describes the variety of means by which children, adolescents, and adults — men and women alike — are pressured to have sexual relations that they do not want.  Nonconsensual sex may be a major contributing factor to such reproductive health problems as unintended pregnancy and its complications, as well as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).  Transmission of these infections will persist — despite common STI/HIV prevention approaches of emphasizing sexual abstinence, faithfulness in relationships, and condom use — as long as nonconsensual sex remains widespread.  Reproductive health providers are often particularly well placed to detect sexual coercion and to care for its predominantly female victims.  But experts have called for more rigorous evaluation of provider interventions to determine how they affect clients' health or exposure to further violence.  Some experts have also called for financial support and rigorous evaluation of prevention initiatives that address the root causes of nonconsensual sex. Read the full text of Network 23(4) on FHI’s Web site or download a copy (PDF) at http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/Network/v23_4/index.htm.
• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Offer Guidance on Responding to Intimate Partner Violence
  "Women's health is directly affected by intimate partner violence," says Dr. Margaret Burnett, Chair of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (SOGC) of Canada's Chair of Social and Sexual Issues. As national leaders in women's health and in maternal care, SOGC recognizes intimate partner violence as a serious public health issue that has a detrimental effect on society and on the lives and health of women and their families. SOGC's new consensus statement on intimate partner violence encourages physicians to offer women the opportunity to disclose experiences of intimate partner violence and guides physicians in offering an appropriate response. http://www.crwh.org/programs/SOGCstatement.php
• Researchers Study Risks For Repeat Violence In Abusive Female, Same-Sex Intimate Relationships
  A new study at Oregon Health & Science University will look at the needs and risk factors for women in same-sex relationships. It is one of a few studies to investigate same-sex violence and one of the first to include Spanish-speaking women. More here: http://www.womenshealthprofessional.com/articles/46
• The web site for the Sexual Violence Research Initiative (SVRI) is now live
  The SVRI aims to build an experienced and committed network of researchers, policy makers, activists and donors to ensure that the many aspects of sexual violence are addressed from the perspective of different disciplines and cultures. The SVRI web site provides information about the SVRI and contains links to documents and other resources on sexual violence and sexual violence research. It is also possible to join and contact the SVRI through the website: http://www.svri.org/
• Primary Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence for Women’s Health: A Response to Plichta: Ann L. Coker, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, November 2004, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1324-1334(11),SAGE Publications
• Violence and Trauma in the Lives of Women with Serious Mental Illness Often Overlooked
  From Marina Morrow with the British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health
  A new study from the BC Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health has found that the impact of violence against women with serious mental illness has been routinely overlooked in policy development, mental health planning, in clinical practice and educational manuals. Yet, the study argues, an awareness of violence and abuse is critical for understanding mental illness and for assisting women in recovering and maintaining wellness.
  More at: http://www.cwhn.ca/network-reseau/7-23/7-23pg7.html
• World report on violence and health, From the World Health Organization
  The World report on violence and health is the first comprehensive review of the problem of violence on a global scale – what it is, whom it affects and what can be done about it. Three years in the making, the report benefited from the participation of over 160 experts from around the world, receiving both peer-review from scientists and contributions and comments from representatives of all the world’s regions.
  http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/
• Addressing Gender-Based Violence from the Reproductive Health/HIV Sector: A Literature Review and Analysis
  Gender-based violence is a pervasive public health and human rights problem, which results in negative consequences for women's health and well-being, their families, and societies in general. Around the world at least one woman in every three has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Is there anything that can be learned from existing programs linked to RH/HIV that would help address and halt this pervasive problem?
  See the review here: http://www.cwhn.ca/hot/resources/default.html#gbv
• Gender-based violence, human rights and the health sector: lessons from Latin America, GUEDES, Alessandra et al
  Health and Human Rights, Vol 6 No 1 2002, p 177-193.
  Outlines lessons from a mid-term evaluation of an IPPF project to promote the IPPF Charter on Sexual and Reproductive Rights, in collaboration with three affiliates: PROFAMILIA from the Dominican Republic, INPPARES from Peru, and PLAFAM from Venuzuela. Findings document a growing body of epidemiological evidence of the physical and psychological health impacts of gender violence, both direct and indirect. Many health professionals are unaware of these impacts due to lack of training. In some cases awarness-raising workshops lead 'providers' to change their approach, including new awareness of privacy and confidentiality issues, review of sexual harassment policies, attempts to deal with discriminatory staff attitudes, and recognition of the broader social, economic and political determinants of health. Links were also made between health and legal sector, with some of the affiliates working for legislative changes to protect women exeriencing gender-based violence
• Reasonable Doubt: The use of health records in legal cases of violence against women in relationships, Author(s): Jill Cory, Olena Hankivsky, Gisela Ruebsaat, Lynda Dechief
  Examines how health records are being used in relevant civil and criminal cases. Demonstrates both that records are much more likely to be used against the woman than in her interests, and that the various filters through which health records pass may distort the legal fact-finding process.
  Available as a download: http://www.cewh-cesf.ca/PDF/bccewh/reasonabledoubt.pdf
• Fergusson DM, Swain-Campbell NR, Horwood LJ. Does sexual violence contribute to elevated rates of anxiety and depression in females? Psychological Medicine, 2002; 32: 991-996.
• "Reasonable Doubt: The Use of Health Records in Legal Cases of Violence Against Women in Relationships" The purpose of this study, supported by the Law Foundation of British Columbia, was to undertake a preliminary examination of the use of health records in criminal and civil cases involving violence against women in relationships. The authors and Advisory Committee hoped to learn how health records were being used to influence legal processes and outcomes for women in cases of assault, custody and access, and child protection. The primary research question related to whether notes relating to women found in health records are used in litigation to reach positive legal outcomes for abused women or whether they are used to discredit women and their claims.
  To download a copy, visit http://www.bccewh.bc.ca/PDFS/reasonabledoubt.pdf (Link requires PDF reader.)
• Gender-Based Violence: An Impediment to Sexual and Reproductive Health The Women's Advocacy Session at IPPF Members' Assembly Prague, The Czech Republic 29th of November 1998. View online report here.
• A Practical Approach to Gender-Based Violence A Programme Guide for Health Care Providers and Managers
  This publication contains practical steps needed to integrate measures on gender based violence into reproductive health facilities. It is also meant to help a wider range of readers to understand the connections between reproductive and sexual health and violence. While the Programme Guide is targeting primarily health service providers, it can also be used as a reference guide for advocacy purposes or to undertake other activities in this area. Published by UNPF - United Nations Population Fund. Year of publication: 2001. Available as a .pdf file here
• Costs of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the United States
  Recognizing the need to better measure both the scope of the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV) as well as resulting economic costs—in particular, those related to health care—Congress funded the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conduct a study to obtain national estimates of the occurrence of IPV-related injuries, to estimate their costs to the health care system, and to recommend strategies to prevent IPV and its consequences. Report available here
• The 2nd South African Gender Based Violence & Health Conference (May 7-9 2003) - Gauteng, South Africa
  Contact Mandy Salomo mandy.salomo@mrc.ac.za
  

NZ Links and other resources

• Family Violence Evaluation Project
  A partnership between the Ministry of Health (DHB Funding and Performance Directorate) and the Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC). see more at: http://www.hrc.govt.nz/root/pages_policy/Family_Violence_Evaluation_Project.html
• http://www.sowk.canterbury.ac.nz/ Te Awatea Violence Research Centre is currently working towards establishing online resources. Includes a National bibliographic database and Professional practice database. 
  • Useful links page - now available national bibliographic database Te Awatea will develop an online database of research activity, literature, and articles on the issue of violence from a wide range of disciplines and perspectives within New Zealand.The database will be a community resource for people interested in violence issues and wanting information that is relevant to New Zealand society. The database will include five sections
    • Child and Family Health and Welfare
      This will include: early intervention with families, family group decision-making in child welfare, and child health.
    • Domestic Violence, Family Violence, and Violence Against Women
      This will include: child abuse and neglect, spousal abuse, elder abuse, violence against parents, rape and sexual assault.
    • Youth
      This will include: youth offending, youth suicide, and drug and alcohol abuse.
    • Institutional and Cultural Violence
      This will include: workplace violence and intimidation, institutional racism, and media violence.
    • Criminal and Forensic Violence
      This will include: gang violence, homicide, street violence, sexual offending, and mental health issues.
      

From Women's Health Action publications

• Women's voices shape action plan on violence - WHU July 2002
• Crazy-making - WHU April 2002
• Doctors need to intervene with battered women - WHU Jan 2001
• Lasting legacies - WHU Jan 1998
• Sexual abuse in doctor-patient relationship
• Rohypnol tablets not available in NZ - WHW Sept 1999